Forensic Science Project Part II- Hair/FIber Analysis

History of Hair and Fibers

History of Hair/Fiber Analysis

The history of hair/fiber analysis is very important to forensic scientist students to reveal different hairs and fibers such as dog hair or human hair. The brief studies of hair/fiber analysis below show the different people who participated in studies of hair and fibers. Starting in the 1800s, crime scène investigators noticed that hair was an important part of trace evidence at a crime scene. Crime scene investigators found hair that was trace evidence in the murder case of Duschesse de Praeslin in Paris in the year of 1874. Forensic scientist students need to know that hair is the most common type of hair evidence. I think this is important that trace evidence including hair is found because it identifies  an unknown victim or suspect during the crime. When hair used in conjunction with D.N.A. and other evidence, it can be a powerful tool for an investigator. My personal opinion of this is that hair can tell hidden details and define any person during the scene of a crime . Therefore, hair is one of the strong tools for investigations.   

In the year of 1883, a man named Alfred Swaine Taylor wrote a book called The Principle and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence .In his book , he included drawings of the labeled parts of human hair.  The book is also about the use of hair in forensic investigations. Without Alfred Swaine Taylor drawings, no one would know the specific parts of the human hair. I think that knowing the different parts of the human hair including papilla, which is at the base of the hair follicle and made up of connective tissue will show to forensic scientist students that the basic structure of hair drawings is very important. Also without Alfred Taylor writings about the use of human hair in investigations, forensic scientist students would not know that D.N.A of a hair sample can show the race of that particular person and gender. Alfred Taylors writings of the use of hair in investigations collecting hair samples in investigations proves an abundant of things in crime scenes including who the victim and a suspect of the crime are. Therefore, Alfred Taylor’s writings of the use of hair and drawings of human hair in crime scene investigations were a big contributor to the history of hair analysis.

In 1910, French forensic scientists Victore Balthazard and Marcelle Lambert did a study of hair titled The Hair of Man and Animals. The book includes numerous amounts studies of hair from most animals. This particular study reveals that there is an abundant amount of differences between human hair and animal hair. Animal hairs are incomparable to human hairs in some ways such as human hair even color pigmentation throughout the hair strand. Animal hairs have color variations, which is also known as banding. I think there has always been a difference between human hair and animal hair. The two are very different objects between humans and animals.

Fiber Analysis

In crime scene investigations police try to find fibers to a link a suspect to a crime. These are some descriptions of people who has discovered or study about fibers. Edmond Locard  was forensic scientist who created this important principle that said “Every contact leaves a trace”. Criminals always leave some trace of evidence on car seats, trunks or anywhere near the crime scene. Edmond Locard realized that this material was a key ingredient to analyzing a crime. He created the “Locard Exchange Principle” which became the foundation of forensic science. Rudolph Virchow who was a German pathologist revealed that hairs were not unique enough to match a suspect to a victim. A man named Paul L. Kirk wrote a book about “Criminal Investigation” in this book he wrote about the fundamentals of microscopic hair analysis used by the scientist in that time period.

These are the contributors studied about hairs and fibers. Hairs and fibers are important today because they can help solve a crime. So without these contributors we would today not know a lot about hairs and fibers. Without these people, I would just think hair is useless but now I know that hair is important thing in life. I already know hair on top of my head is important to me. I mean the analyzing of hair just not knowing how to straighten hair.

Citations


Contursi, Janet. "Forensic Analysis of Hair | EHow.com." EHow | How to Videos, Articles & More - Discover the Expert in You. | EHow.com. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. <http://www.ehow.com/about_5597295_forensic-analysis-hair.html>.




Links

Forensic Science Project Part II:Hair/ Fiber Analysis

Major Types of Fibers

Fibers today are an important essential in the world today because it helps in the making of clothes, rugs, mattress, and several of other objects. Forensic scientist should learn about the different fibers such as cotton, polyester, silk, nylon, and wool. There are very beneficial to them so they know how to tell what different fibers are collected from a crime.

Cotton

                 Cotton is a soft fluffy looking capsule that grows around the seeds of a cotton plant. Cotton has dated back to the 1600s and 1700s. In the seventeen hundreds machines were made to spin thread and weave cloth in huge bundles. Therefore, production will be more expedient. Even in 300 B.C., Alexander the Great brought cotton to the country of Europe but the price was too high. There is a process of producing cotton. The first step is when the cotton comes it goes into a specific machine that does the cleaning and picking of all the dirt out of the cotton. A carding machine separates cotton fibers from long to short . Then there is another process called spinning. In the process of spinning there are three procedures which are  draft , straighten, and then cotton is made for weaving into clothes. After the cotton has been inspected , then it is sent through gase flames to take off the fuzz off the cotton. The cotton boils in alkaline solution to get rid of discoloration. Finally, the cotton is bleached through other chemicals and dyed in a machine. Cotton has many uses and one of my favorite fibers. Cotton production companies put cotton under sweaters to keep me warm. Cotton is used for abundant of warm clothing and does not irritate my skin. In my personal opinion, cotton is very soft upon the skin and very valuable in modern day world. The main point that forensic scientist students need to know is that cotton is a very popular fiber and the fiber goes through a procedure in order for the cotton to be in clothing.

                                                                                                                        This is a picture of wool.

Wool can come from different animals such as sheep, rabbits, camels, and goats. Mostly wool comes from sheep. There are four processes of wool including shearing, sorting and grading, yarn, and fabric. First, you have to shear a sheep for its wool. The second step is sorting and grading of cotton. This means that you have to pick out all the dirt from the wool. This also means to separate all the wool fibers from bad to good. Next, the wool is washed in yolk to remove remaining impurities and then wool fibers are sent into a carding machine that untangles the fibers. After that fibers are made into a web. Then the web is transformed into ropes called silvers. The process of creating yarn relies on how long the fibers are. Lastly, the fiber weaves the yarn into different fabrics including jackets, pants, sweaters, and dresses. Wool in my opinion is warm to wear but can be irritating to the skin. I do not have an abundant amount of wool clothing because I think wool is not that popular to wear. Wool is used to make comfortable hats, scarf, and gloves so I have an absolute reason to appreciate wool.

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                                                                                                                This is a picture of silk.










                                                                                                               This is a picture of nylon.

Nylon is the second most important fiber in the U.S. Nylon was first used to make pantyhose stockings for women. The development of cotton came from the Chemist William H. Carothers. Nylon has very strong texture and is not heavy at all. Nylon is made by using molten nylon through a system called a spinneret. The nylon becomes hard by the cool air. Then the nylon fibers are wound into bobbins and are stretched after they cool. The stretching process of the nylon makes the nylon become elastic. Nylon is elastic, stretchable, not effected by heat, and quickly dries. Nylon is used for clothing such as swimwear, leggings, and pantyhose stockings.

                                                                                                                            This is a polyester fiber.

Polyester is the most used fiber in the world and was first created by company named du Pont de Nemours Company. Polyester  is the linking of several esters within a fiber. The chemical process to create polyester contains ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate .These two chemicals together create a reaction that results in bisterephthalate . Polyester is resistant to mildew, shrinking, wrinkles, and most chemicals. An unfamiliar fact about polyester that I did not know that it is made from the same substance as plastic drink bottles. Polyester was created in Britain in the 1940s, then in 1950s it became popular household products such as drapes. In my personal opinion, I think polyester is irritating to the skin for me. Polyester also does cling to different objects.

All of tese fibers help me in my everyday life. These fibers can help people in case they are murdered they link these fiber to a suspect of the crime. These fibers are extremely important to me. I did not know Nylon is used in stocking and leggings. This was a very enriched insight detailed research about fibers. I knew that fibers could create  cloth but I did not know what types of clothing. For instance I did not know that Polyester was made out of the same substance as plastic drinking bottles. I thought to myself this is very weird but very insightful.Silk which is very pretty but is very irritating to my skin. I feel like i know so much about fibers than I knew before.

Citations for Research

"Cotton." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton>.

This website above gets the credibility of showing the true definition of what cotton is.

"Textiles." Oracle Think Quest, Education Foundation. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://library.thinkquest.org/C004179/textiles.html>.
This website gets the credibility for all of the research about wool,cotton,plyester,silk,and nylon.

Citations for pictures

"Microscope." Carpet and Furniture Cleaning, Disaster Restoration, Contract and Facility Cleaning Technical Bulletins. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. <http://www.cleanprosonline.com/microscope.html>.

This website gets the credibility of the visual image of nylon under a microscope.

"» Why Rugs Are Not Cleaned in the Home. RugChick.com." RugChick.com. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. <http://www.rugchick.com/2011/04/why-rugs-are-not-cleaned-in-the-home/>.

This website gets the credibility of the image that was wool shown under a microscope.

"Cloths under the Microscope." The Wonderful Microworld. Web. 2 Nov. 2011. <http://microbeauty.blogspot.com/2009/08/cloths-under-microscope.html>

This website gets the credibility of the visual image of cotton, silk, and polyester under the microscope.

 Links

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool

Silk is very soft pretty,  slippery, and a fiber that dates all the way back to the 27^th century when Chinese had received  silk from silkworms. What the Chinese would do was break apart a silkworms cocoon and takes the silk fibers that were left in it. Chinese people would raise silk worms and this made the Chinese community be very wealthy because of this trade. The silkworm is fed with mulberry leaves, which can be yellow, green, or white with a sweet flavor. The production of silk goes into specific procedures. First, silkworms are fed with mulberry leaves. Second, silk can have a different grade such as low or high by what the silkworms are fed. Domestic tree leaves that are fed to silkworms produce a higher grade of silk. Silkworms that feed on oak leaves have a medium grade of silk. Next the silkworm has to be spun by tops of loose straws and   then the protecting coverings  are killed by a heating process. Lastly, silk is used for curtains, draperies, scarves, and dresses. Silk is a smooth, cool and very comfortable material. There is a sensation that I get from silk. Silk is a very beautiful piece clothing fiber to wear to any function to look extremely nice in.

Forensic Science Part II: Hair/Fiber Analysis

Typical hair/ fiber Analysis. How do scientist anayze and use hair /fiber data?
                                                       
                                                                        This is a picture of hair samples that have been analyzed.

How do forensic scientist analyze hair and fibers?

First of all, forensic scientist analyzes hairs and fibers to see who the true suspect of a crime is. When a crime has been discovered police surround the scene so no one disturbs the evidence of the crime scene. Then the forensic scientist come and collects the particular hairs and fibers of the crime scene. Forensic scientist analyzes data from the hair and fibers by using math and problem solving methods. Forensic scientist also uses chemicals, microscopes and different research techniques. Only if the root of the hair sample has blood or skin on it then forensic scientist can do some DNA testing upon the hair strand. Now if the root of the hair has no blood or skin upon it is characterized by its color and structure. Forensic scientists do analyze the hair to see if the hair is an animal hair or human hair. Forensic scientist analyzes fibers by getting them from different particular objects from a crime scene. They use microscopes or different scientific equipment to see the comparison of victim’s fibers to the actually killer. Microscopes are so important in seeing the different details and how they link together. Even if controlled fibers are not shown, a suspect’s fiber can tell a lot of things about the crime. Examining the one fiber from a suspect of a crime can shows information about color and where it is from. Now synthetic fibers have a very weird unnatural texture compared to natural fibers.

I had no idea that forensic scientist have to do a abundant of things to analyze hairs and fibers at a crime scene. I learned hairs and fibers are the number one cause of getting caught of doing a crime. Hairs and fibers are so powerful. Hair and fibers can tell your DNA and if you were at the crimes scene . It is just mind blowing of the things you can do with hairs and fibers. I tell you I won't be creating a crime any time soon!

"HowStuffWorks "How Forensic Lab Techniques Work"" HowStuffWorks "Science" Web. 02 Dec. 2011. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/forensic-lab-technique.htm>.

This website above gets the credibility of the idea in my posting about how forensic scientist use scientific equipment to analyze fibers.

Dillion, Hall. "Scientist The Crime Lab." Forensics A Carrer In. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. <http://www.bls.gov/opub/ooq/1999/Fall/art01.pdf>.

This website above gets the credibility of the idea that I used in my research posting about forensic scientist using math, problem solving methods, chemicals, microscopes and other different research techinques.

"Hair Analysis - ENotes.com." ENotes - Literature Study Guides, Lesson Plans, and More. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. <http://www.enotes.com/hair-analysis-reference/hair-analysis>.

This website gets the credibility of the idea of forensic scientist analyze the hair by the root of the hair which contains DNA .

Sapp, Brennon. "Hairs and Fibers." Forensics. Web. 4 Nov. 2011. <http://www.bsapp.com/forensics_illustrated-/forensic_text_adobe./text_unit_5_hair_fiber.pdf>.

This website gets the credibility for the idea of that if the hair root has no blood or skin on it than the hair is characterized by color and structure. This website also gets the credibility of the idea of examining one lone fiber can tell the color and the origin. In addition to, this website gets the credibility of the idea that synthetic fibers have unnatural texture.


Links

http://www.thermo.com/eThermo/CMA/PDFs/Articles/articlesFile_2278.pdf

http://www.swgmat.org/Forensic%20Human%20Hair%20Examination%20Guidelines.pdf

Forensic Science Project Part II: Hair/Fiber

Picture and labeled parts of a complete hair

Hair Diagram

Hair is the most common type of physical evidence. Hair has many various parts to it such as papilla, root sheath, hair shaft, medulla and each part has a specific job to create the human hair. Hair is a thin fine like strand that grows throughout the skin. Hair can be found in many places but the head most importantly. Here’s a joke to spice up the hair follicle structure  “ The Sunday School teacher asked if any of the children's parents had quoted from the Bible in the past week. Little Timmy paused, but then spoke up, 'My daddy doesn't have any hair on his head. Daddy says that God put hair on everything that he was ashamed of.” The human hair structure has an abundant of parts that consists of it. Hair extends through the bulb and continues out as a shaft. The shaft terminates at the tip of the human hair. Forensic scientist students need to know that the shaft is the most observed part of the human hair. The shaft contains of three parts cuticle, medulla, and  cortex. There are also cuticle patterns such as coronal, spinous, and imbricate. The coronal is shaped like crown or has zig zaggy stacked cups. The spinous is shaped like triangle shaped scales that is going upward.

The medulla is the inner part of the hair strand made up of connected cells which are called keratin. The medulla is presented at the top of hair diagram. However, there are different classifications of the medulla including fragmented, discontinuous/Intermittent, continuous, and absent. The fragmented part is broken up into small sections and not all the same sizes. The discontinuous /Intermittent is presented with longer segments of the hair with a lot more space in between. The continuous of course does not break it keeps continuing in the medulla. The absent part is when there is no medulla presented in the hair strand. Forensic scientist students need to remember that the medulla is another part of the hair structure it is broken down or classified to get a better understanding of the Medulla.

Lastly, the cortex is between the cuticle and the medulla. The cortex is made up of cells that are in a tampered at each end and is parallel to the length of the hair. They are many other structures of the hair that consists of the papilla, root sheath, bulge, and matrix. The papilla has connective tissue and is at the base of the hair follicle.

The root sheath has two parts to it internal and external. The internal root sheath consists of three parts Henle’s parts, Huxley’s parts, and contains an internal cuticle. The bulge of the hair strand is on the outer root sheath near the pill muscle and it creates new cells in the hair follicle. A pill muscle is The bulge of the hair is very important to know of the hair strand.

Forensic scientist students have to put all these specific structures in consideration when analyzing a hair strand at a crime scene. I think the hair follicle is a fascinating structure to look at. In the human hair structure, you have all these parts that contributing to the making of a hair strand. All my life I never thought the human hair had all these various parts to it. I thought the hair is something that grows out of your skin unexpectedly. Hair is something that I like because of the hairstyles you could put on your head. Hair is put on our body for different reasons.

  Citations

"Hair and Fiber Analysis." Hair and Fiber Analysis. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. <http://www.centralreg.k12.nj.us/webpages/SHopson/files/hair.pdf>.

This website above gets the credibility of all of the research containing the various parts of the human hair structure.

Picture citations

"Beau Cheveux :: Custom Human Hair Wigs, Hair Extensions, Wefts, Braids, Wig Shop in Maryland, Wholesale Wigs." :: Beau Cheveux :: Custom Human Hair Wigs, Hair Extensions, Wefts, Braids, Wig Shop in Maryland, Virginia, Washington DC, Wholesale Wigs. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. <http://www.beau-cheveux.com/hair_information.html>.

This website above gets credibility of exhibiting a picture of the various parts of the human hair.

Links

http://www.chem.sc.edu/analytical/chem107/lab4_032205.pdf

http://www.hairformula37.com/chemistry.htm

Forensic Science Project Part II : Hair/Fiber Analysis

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Reliability of hair/fiber crime scene data

Forensic scientist students need to learn about how important the reliability of hair is in crime scene and how hair and fibers are used.

Hair and fiber evidence is critical to crime scene investigators because they can know who is guilty for a crime.  During the performing of everyday activities, humans shed hair and fiber evidence from their bodies, clothes and other objects or materials of which they make contact with. Forensic analysis may be used to examine such trace evidence to summarize about the activities of persons unable or willing to explain their purpose at the crime scene. For instance if crime scene investigators wanted to reconstruct the events experienced during the crime, they can use carpet fiber form a car of a serial killer to draw connections between the serial killer and his victims, who contained the fibers on their corposes. There were two men named John Glaister and John Hicks confirmed about the accuracy that hair science was true. Many people relied on DNA testing of hairs and fibers to release them from prison. A man named James Driskell was in prison for 12 years until DNA testing of hair analysis proved him innocent for the doing a particular crime. This case shows that hair and fibers are reliable to show the innocence of a person in a court trial. Even though sometimes hair can be a great evidence for the court room, hair analysis may not tell the person’s individual identity. The federal bureau of Investigations says hair is 100%  accurate for evidence in court.

In my personal opinion I believe that the reliability of hair and fibers are important because they are the main source of getting someone out of trouble. Like for instance someone is in jail for a murder crime they know they did not commit and they have no proof that they were not at the crime scene. Your whole life depends on the hair or particular fiber that the forensic scientist collect. If the DNA does not match to that particular someone then they are free. Now if the hair or particular does link up to that person they are in some deep stuff. So I feel the reliability of hair and fibers are so important in life.

Citations

Diamond, Giselle. "Forensic Science: Hair Fiber Analysis | EHow.com." EHow | How to Videos, Articles & More - Discover the Expert in You. | EHow.com. Web. 04 Dec. 2011. http://www.ehow.com/about_6102496_forensic-science_-hair-fiber-analysis.html.
This website gets the credibility for all the research in my blog posting for the relability of hair and fibers.


Links


http://www.ehow.co.uk/about_5640929_forensic-science-hair-fiber-identification.html

Forensic Science Part II: Hair/ Fiber Analysis

Hair/Fiber Collection Techniques


Hair and fibers are important to be collected at a crime because they can tell who is responsible for the crime. However, there particular techniques to collect hairs and fibers they do not  need to be taken lightly. The human hair can define that particular person it belongs to. The examination of hair can tell what gender, race, age that person who left the human hair at the crime scene. To collect a hair sample at crime scene investigation forensic scientist students need to first have a tweezers present and pick up the hair sample. Next, take a envelope and insert the hair sample into the envelope. For the third step forensic scientist students need to label envelope of the specific name of where the hair sample comes from. Now on some occasions hair will be attached different things including blood, or caught in a crack of a glass. If this event happens you are not suppose to remove that hair sample from the object. The first step in order to collect that particular small hair is mark where hair is, then wraps the hair sample and put in an envelope. Do not forget to label the envelope of where the hair is located .

Fiber Collection Techniques

Tapelifting

Vacuuming

Fibers of hairs can be found in different objects such as screens, broken glasses, cars, houses, and even on animals if during the a crime scene. The fibers that are collected from a car can be sent to forensic scientist laboratory to see if they match to some victims of a crime. When examinations occur, it can reveal the different colors of the fiber and type of fiber it is such as wool, cotton, Polyester or etc. Now these are the steps to collect large fibers from crime scene first forensic scientist students need to pick up the fiber with your fingers and place it in a envelope. Next step label the envelope of the type of fiber that is in the envelope. Remember an important note that forensic scientist students should never put the fibers directly in the envelope you might lose the fiber. Now if the fibers small the first step is to wrap the whole area that contains the fiber and send the fiber to nearby forensic scientist laboratory. For collecting hair and fibers combined forensic scientist students can use these techniques such as tape lifting. First, the trace tape is applied to the location of the hair and fiber. Second take the sample and insert it into envelope.  An alternative technique for collecting hairs and fibers combined is vacuuming. This means when hair and fiber sample is discovered it is vacuumed into a filter trap. Only if have laboratory sends a notice forensic scientist students can collect fibers by placing tape on them.

I think personally while collecting hairs and fibers should be handled delicately because a lot of those hairs and fibers can trace a suspect back to the actually crime scene. Hairs and fibers are two of the most important things to be collected at a crime scene. As I am imagining fibers would probably be hard to collect because they are so little. Forensic scientist could easily drop them and probably could not be found. To collect those hairs and fibers you have to handle them with care and be patient and gentle with them. I on the other hand is I am not very gentle and patience. So I being a forensic scientist is probably out of the question.

Citations for pictures

"Glassine Envelopes Manufacturer & Wholesale Supplier From Usa." Small Business Manufacturer, Wholesale Supplier, Buyers & Free Tender Information. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://www.hellotrade.com/spexforensics/glassine-envelopes.html>.

This website gets credibility for the visual image of the plastic baggy of collected hairs and fibers.

Citations for research

"Evidence Collection Guidelines." Crime Scene Investigator Network. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/collect.html>.

This website gets the credibility of the details of showing how to collect fibers and hairs form a crime scene.

Links

http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/CAfiberandhair.pdf

Forensic Sceience Project Part I: Fingerprinting

        
The History of Fingerprinting

                                                        There have an abundant of people who contributed the study of fingerprinting and thanks to them today we have a better way of identifying people.

Alphonse Bertillion

The forensic science of fingerprinting identitfication has served an abundant of governments worldwide for 100 yrs to provide accurate identification of who the culprit is. Fingerprinting is the most commonly used forensic science in the world.There are many records of fingerprinting from centuries ago. Babylons however  pressed there fingerprints in clay to record business transactions. The Chinese used fingerprint ink impressions on paper to identify their children and business transactions.  They are significantly important founders who has started the history of fingerprinting such as Alphonse bertillion. Alphonse Bertillion was a french police officier who created a system to measure and record certain body parts such as head length, foot length, arm length and finger length. The measurements he received were reduced to a formula, that would applied to one human being in their adult life. Anthrometry was the first scientific system used by an pollice officier to identify criminals.The system was called the Bertilllion System that lasted 30 yrs. Another founder by the name of Marcello Malpighi in 1686 ,as a professor of anatomy, he  discovered particular ridges, spirals, and loops in the fingertip. These founders identify fingerprints by hand so today we could have knowledge of personal identification of a fingertip. Today we use fingerprint scanners and other uses of technology to identify and match different fingerprints.Sir Edward Henry, commissioner of the Metropolitan Police of London, soon became interested in using fingerprints to nab criminals. In 1896, he added to Galton's technique, creating his own classification system based on the direction, flow, pattern and other characteristics of the friction ridges in fingerprints. Examiners would turn these characteristics into equations and classifications that could distinguish one person's print from another's. The Henry Classification System replaced the Bertillonage system as the primary method of fingerprint classification throughout most of the world.


Lastly there was one case in particular that helped fingerprint identification. Juan Vucetich made the first criminal fingerprint identification. Juan Vucetich observed the print of a woman who murderd her two sons and then cut her  own throat to blame another person for doing the crime. A bloody print was left on the door post, and Juan Vucetich was able to identify that the woman was the murderer.


Opinion

The history of fingerprinting is amazing to see. To think all these people contributed to the discovery of a fingerprint that is amazing. Today without those people we would not catch criminals. then criminals can act in anyway and constantly kill people without being caught. So i appreciate them for there discovery of fingerprinting.i had  not idea fingerprinting had a history. I though someone just found that you could make fingerprints on the door or something.i have learned alot about this research on the  history of fingerprinting such as the people whoc contributes and how they used them to solve a crime scene.

Citations

 "The History of Fingerprints." Come Onin to Read about Fingerprints and HHH... Web. 04 Dec. 2011. <http://onin.com/fp/fphistory.html>.
This website gets the credibility for research of the history of fingerprinting except the fingerprinting case.

Links

http://www.fingerprinting.com/history-of-fingerprinting.php

http://www.essortment.com/history-fingerprints-21335.html

"History of Fingerprints." Crime Scene Forensics, LLC. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.crimescene-forensics.com/History of fingerprints.html>.

This website gets the credibility for the case about criminial identification of fingerprints.

Forensic Science Part I: Fingerprints

Procedure for collecting/lifting prints

These procedures can help forensic scientist know about the different methods of collecting fingerprints.                                                       

                                                                              This image below is about dusting for fingerprints.

• In a Crime scene forensic scientist use specific methods such as dusting, the electric pen, and chemical bonding agents to collect fingerprints at a crime. At a crime scene it is very important that forensic scientist do not mess up on collecting fingerprints because the fingerprints can reveal who was there during the crime.The first method to collect fingerprints at a crime scene is dusting. Dusting is very common technique in collecting fingerprints. There are specific steps in dusting in order to collect the fingerprints. The first step is when forensic scientist hunt for fingerprints and in order to collect those fingerprints they hunted for they use black ,magnetic, and silver powders. These powders are used to collect fingerprints off wood, ziplock bags,metal and glass. This particular method  of collecting fingerprints works because it can stick to the oil in the fingerprint.Step two in the method of dusting is picking up a piece of tape to lift the print off the surface. The sticky tape collects the oil and dust within the impression. The last step is putting the fingerprint evidence card that was collected in a envelope.Forensic scientist students need to know that dusting for fingerprints can be important in identifying who the suspect of a crime is.

• The second method of collecting fingerprints is the use of the electric pen with a metallic filing brush. This sounds very weird but is quite relevant to collecting fingerprints.There are not that many steps in using the electric pen. The metal filing brush that is used to collect fingerprints does not affect the print in any way. This is a electromagnet that gets iron filings that make the brush. The brush in the electric pen breaks off and the filings adhere to the oils.Then the fingerprint is lifted with an adhesive.

• The third method for collecting fingerprints are using chemical bonding agents. However there are specific procedures to collecting fingerprints in this method.The first step is to place the object that contains the fingerprints in a heated area.Then the chemical bonding agent superglue fumes is used to warm the surroundings. The result is a white substance that is formed from the print and then it is taken for comparison.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          This image below is a livescan.
• The fourth method for collecting fingerprints is using the  livescan and biometric gadgets .The livescan is part of laser technology that is used to collect fingerprints. The are three specific steps to collect fingerprint using  livescan. The first step is using a glass pad to clear prints. The second step is sending the results of the collected fingerprints to a databse to find a match to someone. The biometric gadget takes fingerprints automatically and match them to a database system. This method is much quicker because it does not take that the much time to see if the fingerprints match to anyone.

These collection methods of fingerprinting has taught me abundant of things.First of all I thought there was only one method for collecting prints including dusting. These gadgets that have been created helps the world in a lot of ways. The only gadget that interest me is the biometric gadget. The biometric gadget is so quick and fast that there is no reason to commit a crime. After all once they swipe the gadget over the fingerpriints they are going to take you probably immediately to prison not jail.The biometric gadget looks very cool to use. This method also makes it harder for criminals to get away.

Citations

"Popular Methods of Collecting Fingerprints." Look For Articles - Articles Directory Submission Service Since 2005. Web. 03 Dec. 2011. http://www.look4articles.com/Art/209347/39/Popular-Methods-of-Collecting-Fingerprints.html.

This website above gets the credibility forall the research and details about each common method of collecting fingerprints.

Citations for pictures

"Livescan Fingerprinting." Guard Card - California Guard Card Training. Web. 03 Dec. 2011. http://www.firearms-training.info/livescanfingerprinting.html.

This website above gets the credibility for the visual image of the livescan.

"Stock Photo: Dusting for Fingerprints." Stock Photography: Download Free Stock Photos & Royalty Free Images. Web. 03 Dec. 2011. http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-dusting-for-fingerprints-image4586740.
This website above gets the credbility of the visual image of dusting for fingerprints.

 Links:

http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,290215,00.html

Forensic Science Project Part I: Fingerprints

Basic shapes and patterns of fingerprints

 Basic Shapes and Patterns of Fingerprints

                                                                                          This is a image of my own fingerprints.

Fingerprints in my opinion are the main way of identifying a person and fingerprints have different shaped ridges. Fingerprints are unique that there is only a 64 billion chance that anyone’s fingerprint will match up to another fingerprint. Fingerprints are made of whorls, ridges, loops, arches, tented arches and central pocket loops. It is important that forensic scientist students know the difference between multiple of fingerprints.

A plain arch is a fingerprint that has ridges flowing from one side of the impression of the fingerprint and flows out the other end of the fingerprint impression. There is a 5% chance of plain arches collected at any crime scene. I think plain arches does not have a creative design it  is so plain. I guess it defines the plain part of plain arches. The fingerprint almost looks like a plain line except for the urge of an arch on the top of the fingertip. Tented arches have an angle or up thrust, that has a shape of a tent in the middle of the fingerprint. Tented arches also have a 5% chance of being collected at a crime scene. A tented arch has many of biblical stories that go with the tented arch and has greater meaning. This fingerprint has a little more creation in the fingerprint it is shaped kind as if a tent as ridges go upward.

Forensic scientist students need to know loops are 60-70 % of fingerprints that are collected at a crime scene. The Ulnar loop has a side loop with the shape of a ulna bone. My personal opinion is the Ulnar loop fingerprint has a creative design to it. The design looks like it has loop door that you can go to another world in. The Radial loop to me looks like a flat rainbow that has no color to it. The Radial loop is 60 to 70% more likely to be collected at a crime scene. The Radial Loops are named after the radius bone in our body. A radius bone is in the forearm, which connects the hand on the same side as the thumb.

There are three types of whorls in fingerprint patterns. A Plain Whorl has a unique design like the hypnotizing circle that goes continuously around in circles. Whorls are 25-35% more likely to be collected at a crime scene. The plain whorl has two deltas and one of the ridges in the fingerprint makes a complete circuit in the fingerprint. There is an imaginary line in the fingerprint is drawn between the two deltas that cross one of the re-curving ridges in the inner pattern of the circle. Next, the central pocket loop has two deltas with one core and lacks symmetry. The creative design of the fingerprint shape looks like a finger that has bleeding occurring in the center of it. Some ridges in the fingerprint look curved. A Double Loop fingerprint consists of two deltas, which are both distinct and have distinct shoulders. The double loop fingerprint has a formation. A  Accidental Whorl   consists of two different types of patterns and with two or more deltas. The Accidental Whorl is on the right side and has a circle formation in my own eyes.

Fingerprints are so unique they have so many amazing details. The fingerprints have specific curves and ridges and they have biblical stories to give details about each fingerprint too. I did not even know that fingerprints are named specifically they just looked like regular fingerprints. I have noticed before I did the research that there were shapes or lines going through the fingertips. I have learned a lot about identification of each fingerprint.

Citations

Watson, Stephanie. "HowStuffWorks "What Are Fingerprints?"" HowStuffWorks "Science" Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/fingerprinting1.htm>.

This website gets the credibility of the idea about there's a one in 64 billion chance that your fingerprint will match up exactly with someone else's.

"Fingerprint Patterns." Fingerprinting. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://www.fingerprinting.com/fingerprint-patterns.php>.

This website gets the credibility of the details definitions about arches, whorls, and loops in my background information.

There Are Three Basic Types of Fingerprints." Dactyloscopy. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://members.fortunecity.com/julzjerg/finger.htm>.

This website gets the credibility of revealing the detailed research definitions about double loop plain whorl, and central pocket loops.

"Fingerprint Patterns." Odec - Online Digital Education Connection. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/fren4j0/public_html/fingerprint_patterns.htm>.

This website gets the credibility of giving the percentages of each fingerprint pattern shapes being collected at a crime scene. This website also gives the detailed definition about plain arches , ulnar loop and radial loop.

Citations for pictures

"Understanding Fingerprints and CSI Crime Detection." Viewzone Magazine: A Look at Life and Human Culture from Different Angles. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://viewzone2.com/fingerprint.html>.

This website above gets credibility of visual picture of basic shapes of fingerprints.

Links:
http://www.senseme.com/scripts/biometrics/fingerprints.htm

http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ty6D4wdXHeQJ:podcasts.shelbyed.k12.al.us/adishman/files/2011/09/Fingerprints-Final.ppt+www.podcasts.shelbyed.k12.al.us+adishman+files+...+Fingerprints+Final.ppt&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjuldjDg5rkXud2mUMjTRLrf0CSG4b8A0b8JDsSzi7Ydyf90lObyQwBgGHFrqMRqQnSJ3sSd5NPV5QOSBoRy9pJJaMRpVa5PM_lBekfG3kIcYsmevWs_ZtM-fuQ7P7x1Fym_Toq&sig=AHIEtbQa1eBa6TN9vH4X3Yy9IJ6gq7G09g